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自考流体力学历年考题_流体力学考试试题及答案

更新时间:2022-03-01 02:14:28作者:潘星教育网阅读量:1144

自考流体力学历年考题

  序

  言

  本着服务于中国物理学者和物理专业研究生的宗旨,我们根据PRL摘要和引言对本期部分文章进行中文导读。由于水平有限,不免出现一些不准确的地方乃至错译的地方。公众号下方有留言功能,欢迎专家学者通过留言指出不准确或错译的地方,共同提高公众号的服务质量。留言经编辑确认后,会显示在文章下方,供后来浏览者参考。

普通物理:统计与量子物理

  导读:王子;责编:任捷

一维热玻色气体中的全计数统计与大偏差

  本文作者通过全计数统计,得到了一维相互作用玻色子在某一区间内原子数量的分布。文中结果适用于弱相互作用条件下,处于较大参数范围内(温度与区间长度)的所有系统。我们得到的分布显著地偏离准凝聚状态的高斯分布。而在足够小的区间内,大数目涨落的概率剧烈地增大。

  Full Counting Statistics and Large Deviations in a Thermal 1D Bose Gas

  M. Arzamasovs and D. Gangardt

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120401 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120401

自发对称破缺稳定光子猫态阵列

  量子模拟与量子计算的关键是纠缠的受控产生与保护。在单模式层次上,基于光子猫态的方案给人们提供了巨大的希望。它能提供前所未有的长时间相干性,并且可能与强有力的误差纠正方案结合起来。本文作者证明,在具有成对跳跃的Bose-Hubbard模型中基于自发U(1)对称性破缺机制,可以产生稳健的“多体光子猫态”系综。作者给出了基态为重度简并流形,且包含局域猫态的参数区域。其中,猫态可在整个晶格上分解,它每个独立的守恒宇称量可用来实现一个量子比特的寄存器。只要保证长程序的建立,上述现象可产生于具有任意尺寸与几何的系统之中,并可以被推广到驱动-耗散的情形。在热力学极限下,这与从Mott绝缘体到成对超流相的转变相联系。

  Stabilizing Arrays of Photonic Cat States via Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

  José Lebreuilly, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120402 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120402

功率限制下通过电子自旋进行的核自旋

量子控制与传感

  目前针对核自旋频域测量或频域处理的量子传感实验要求人们以目标频率驱动探测系统。此外,在强磁场下进行上述实验具有巨大的优势。但此时被测量的自旋的拉莫频率会很高。因此一个自然现存的巨大挑战在于:当探测系统不能被设置为与目标频率共振时,如何操纵一个非常高频的目标系统。本文作者提出了一系列方案。即便在探测系统和目标系统之间存在较大频率不匹配时,由此也可克服实验上的挑战。这在核极化以及量子传感中都适用。

  Quantum Control and Sensing of Nuclear Spins by Electron Spins under Power Limitations

  Nati Aharon, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120403 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120403

基于实际测量装置的

普适Nd级纯态纠缠目击

  Entanglement witnesses are operators that are crucial for confirming the generation of specific quantum systems, such as multipartite and high-dimensional states. For this reason, many witnesses have been theoretically derived which commonly focus on establishing tight bounds and exhibit mathematical compactness as well as symmetry properties similar to that of the quantum state. However, for increasingly complex quantum systems, established witnesses have lacked experimental achievability, as it has become progressively more challenging to design the corresponding experiments. Here, we present a universal approach to derive entanglement witnesses that are capable of detecting the presence of any targeted complex pure quantum systemand that can be customized towards experimental restrictions or accessible measurementsettings. Using this technique, we derive experimentally optimized witnesses that are able to detect multipartite d-level cluster states, and that requireonly two measurement settings. We present explicit examples for customizing the witness operators given different realistic experimental restrictions,including witnesses for high-dimensional entanglement that use only two-dimensional projection measurements. Our work enables us to confirm the presence of probed quantum states using methods that are compatible with practical experimental realizations in different quantum platforms.

  Universal N-Partite d-Level Pure-State Entanglement Witness Based on Realistic Measurement Settings

  Stefania Sciara, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120501 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120501

陈绝缘体的标度不变性连续纠缠重整化

  多标度纠缠重整化拟设(MERA)假设存在量子回路,可进行实空间中不同标度纠缠的重整化。然而对陈绝缘体来说,这样标度不变的有限维离散MERA回路并不存在。本文中作者证明,适用于场论的连续MERA版本,cMERA,可得到陈数非零的不动点波函数。另外众所周知,逆向的MERA回路可被用来有效地制备量子态,其所用的时间随系统尺寸仅以对数形式增长。然而以MERA方式进行的态制备通常需要借助成熟的量子计算机。本文中作者说明,cMERA可以通过现有的模拟量子计算机得以实现,例如光晶格中,具有光致自旋轨道耦合的超冷原子费米气体。

  Scale-Invariant Continuous Entanglement Renormalization of a Chern Insulator

  Su-Kuan Chu, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120502 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120502

具有唯一多体最大纠缠态的纠缠资源理论

  Entanglement theory is formulated as a quantum resource theory in which the free operations are local operations and classical communication (LOCC). This defines a partial order among bipartite pure states that makes it possible to identify a maximally entangled state, which turns out to be the most relevant state in applications. However, the situation changes drastically in the multipartite regime. Not only do there exist in equivalent forms of entanglement forbidding the existence of a unique maximally entangled state, but recentresults have shown that LOCC induces a trivial ordering: almost all pure entangled multipartite states are incomparable (i.e., LOCC transformations among them are almost never possible). In order to cope with this problem weconsider alternative resource theories in which we relax the class of LOCC to operations that do not create entanglement. We consider two possible theories depending on whether resources correspond to multipartite entangled or genuinely multipartite entangled (GME) states and we show that they are both nontrivial: no inequivalent forms of entanglement exist in them and they inducea meaningful partial order (i.e., every pure state is transformable to more weakly entangled pure states). Moreover, we prove that the resource theory of GME that we formulate here has a unique maximally entangled state, the generalized GHZ state, which can be transformed to any other state by the allowed free operations.

  Resource Theory of Entanglement with a Unique Multipartite Maximally Entangled State

  Patricia Contreras-Tejada, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120503 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120503

实验上具量子通信复杂性

指数型优势的量子开关

  在量子信息领域的研究中,对量子和经典信息任务间指数型差别的探寻成果丰硕。人们相信指数型差别在量子计算中存在,而对应的性质已经在量子通信复杂度中得到了严格证明。近期,一种被称为量子开关的量子资源已在理论上得到。其中,量子开关通过量子因果律可以产生因果顺序上不同事件的相干叠加。这是新的一种提供指数型差别的方案。作者通过实现两方分布计算中的通信方向叠加,在实验上展示了此指数型优势。文中的光子设备使用了d状态(d可达213)量子系统,展现了它的通信复杂度优势。它与以因果顺序排列的方案相比,只需要少于其(0.696±0.006)倍的时间。这些结果揭示了单向处理任务里通信方向相干性在指数型差别中的关键作用。这为在实验上探究不定型因果结构的基本特征与应用问题铺平了新的道路。

  Experimental Quantum Switching for Exponentially Superior Quantum Communication Complexity

  Kejin Wei, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120504 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120504

以随机关联矩表征多体纠缠

  对多体纠缠的实验探测需要恰当地选择一系列关于先前共有参考系校准过的局域量子测量。但对例如基于卫星的光子量子通信等过程来说,这样的前提是十分苛刻的。因而发展一种替代性的手段十分需要。其中一种可能是:通过在一致随机分布的多个装置中进行局域测量,排除经典参考系带来的影响。本文作者以这种方式,证明通过结合各阶统计矩,可以改进对多体纠缠的探测与表征。作者使用了伪随机数过程,由此将上述方法与传统方法进行了比较。他们先将二比特系统作为例子,说明了本文方法的优越性,接下来进一步将示例延伸到了更为复杂的多体纠缠中。

  Characterizing Multipartite Entanglement with Moments of Random Correlations

  Andreas Ketterer, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120505 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120505

统计推断的最大熵原理:

非香农熵的情形

  作者证明,统计估计理论中最大熵原理的Shore-Johnson公理可以涵盖说明远超先前所理解的一大类熵泛函。除了证明并给出公理允许的一类单参数熵函数,作者还进一步通过分析弱关联的影响支撑了自己的观点。他们还讨论了两个相关的例子:二比特量子系统,以及高能质子-质子碰撞中强子的横向动量行为。

  Maximum Entropy Principle in Statistical Inference: Case for Non-Shannonian Entropies

  Petr Jizba and Jan Korbel

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 120601 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120601

引力与天体物理

  导读:郭敏勇;责编:高思杰

正电子和511 keV辐射

可作为近期双中子星的合并的标记物

  从中子星-中子星(NS-NS)和中子星-黑洞(NS-BH)合并中喷出的富含中子的物质被核过程加热到几百keV的温度,导致产生很多电子-正电子对。一些正电子从喷射物的外层逃逸。作者表明,银河系中由NS-NS和NS-BH合并产生的低能正电子群可以解释观测到的来自银河系中心(GC)的511-keV线。此外,他们提出如何将正电子和相关的511-keV辐射作为近期合并的标记物。最近发现来自超微小矮星系Reticulum II的511-keV辐射,与罕见的NS-NS合并事件一致,为他们的提议提供了确凿的证据。

  Positrons and 511 keV Radiation as Tracers of Recent Binary Neutron Star Mergers

  George M. Fuller, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121101 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121101

原始能谱中暴胀替代物的独特指纹

  原初宇宙中的有质量场作为标准时钟和密度扰动中的特征时钟信号,可以直接记录原初宇宙尺度因子随时间的变化a(t)。对这些信号的测量会以模型无关的方式识别原初宇宙的特定情形。在这篇文章中,作者介绍了一种新的机制,通过这种机制,有质量场的量子涨落可作为标准时钟。在替代暴胀方案的功率谱中,时钟信号表现为尺度依赖的振荡信号。

  Unique Fingerprints of Alternatives to Inflation in the Primordial Power Spectrum

  Xingang Chen, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121301 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/c/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121301

基本粒子与场论

  责编:晁伟、刘晓辉

4维简单超共形场论的地形

  作者探索了有着一个共轭和一对基本表示的螺旋多重态的N=1 超对称SU(2)规范理论的重整化群流的空间 。考虑了所有可能的相关形变,作者发现在这个简单的理论框架下,有34个固定点。作者发现这类理论有着许多新奇的现象:有涌现对称性,算符解耦和较窄的中心荷a/c的分布。这样的理论配置包含了两个N=2的最小Argyres-Douglas理论和他们的质量变化版本的理论。此外,作者发现了36个候选固定点理论,这些理论有非物理的费米算符,包括一个比任何已知的超共形理论都小的中心荷(a,c)~(0.2,0.2),值得进一步的研究。

  Landscape of Simple Superconformal Field Theories in 4D

  Kazunobu Maruyoshi et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121601 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121601

两圈5粒子振幅的解析结果

  作者计算了N=4超杨-米尔斯理论中的完整色结构的两圈、5粒子振幅的符号,包括了所有的非平面次领头色的贡献。该振幅能写成Parke-Taylor树图振幅和维数正规化参数的纯函数的组合,这与之前的猜测相一致。得到的结果有正确的共线极限和红外因子化性质,因此能让我们定义一个有限的剩余函数。作者还研究了非平面项的多-Regge极限,分析了它的次领头指数修正,并给出了领头对数项的解析结果。

  Analytic Result for a Two-Loop Five-Particle Amplitude

  D. Chicherin et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121602 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121602

N=4超杨-米尔斯理论的两圈5振幅

  作者计算了N=4超杨-米尔斯理论中的两圈5点振幅的符号,包括了完整的色贡献。作者给出了所有所需的符号,包含了两圈5点非平面无质量主积分 。

  Two-Loop Five-Point Amplitudein N = 4 Super-Yang-Mills Theory

  Samuel Abreu et. al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121603 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121603

测量D+s → η' e+νe衰变的动力学

  实验测量了分支比BD+s→ηe+νe=(2.323±0.063stat±0.063syst)%和 BD+s→η′e+νe=(0.824±0.073stat±0.027syst)%,从而确认η−η‘的混合角为ϕP= (40.1 ± 2. 1 stat ± 0. 7 syst ) °。

  Measurement of the Dynamics of the Decays D+s → η' e+νe

  M. Ablikim et al.

  (BESIII Collaboration)

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121801 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121801

ABRACADABRA-10厘米实验的

首个结果:搜寻亚-μeV轴子暗物质

  ABRACADABRA-10厘米发布了1个月的搜索轴子暗物质结果。实验没有发现暗物质,并在95%置信度对质量区域为3.1 × 10− 10 –8.3 × 10− 9eV的轴子-光子耦合设置了上限。该上限与宇宙学的限制相当。

  First Results from ABRACADABRA-10cm: A Search for Sub- μ eV Axion Dark Matter

  Jonathan L. Ouellet, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121802 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121802

√ s= 13 TeV质子质子对撞中

综合搜索希格斯粒子对的产生

  文章报道了在质子质子对撞中,通过各个衰变道,对希格斯粒子对的产生进行搜索,并对希格斯对产生截面设置了上限。

  Combination of Searches for Higgs Boson Pair Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at √ s = 13 TeV

  A. M. Sirunyan et al.

  (CMS Collaboration)

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 121803 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.121803

反对称夸克张量的核子矩阵元

  如果超出标准模型的物理在电弱能标进入我们的实现,他的低能效应由标准模型有效场论来描述。在6维,许多包含了反对称夸克张量的算符很难被实验、Ward恒等式或者低能定理来限制。然而,从格点QCD确定的归一化,解析性和幺正性常常允许我们在较大的动力学范围内预言动量依赖。从最近的介子区域的结果开始,作者把这些结果拓展到了核子,从而提供了一系列综合的夸克张量的核子形状因子的结果。

  Nucleon Matrix Elements of the Antisymmetric Quark Tensor

  Martin Hoferichter et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122001 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122001

原子核物理

  责编:耿立升

夸克-胶子等离子体中的

预定标和远离平衡态流体动力学

  预定标是一种远离平衡的现象,它描述了一种普适定标分布形式的确定远先于其定标指数达到普适数值的情况。Aleksas Mazeliauskas和 Jürgen Berges 研究了在能量足够高的重离子碰撞中产生的夸克-胶子等离子体系统的时空演变,通过求解同时包含弹性和非弹散射过程的QCD 动力学理论,展示了胶子和夸克分布非常快速地采取了一种自相似的定标形式,该形式与初始条件细节以及系统参数无关。随后,预定标机制的动力学效应被完全编码在少数几个时间依赖的定标指数中,它们的缓慢演化导致了远离平衡态的流体动力学行为。(肖杨)

  Prescaling and Far-from-Equilibrium Hydrodynamics in the Quark-Gluon Plasma

  A. Mazeliauskas and J. Berges

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122301 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122301

QCD动力学理论匹配重离子

碰撞的非平衡初始阶段和流体动力学

  高能核碰撞会产生一种非平衡的夸克-胶子离子体,该夸克-胶子等离子体会热化并表现出流体动力学流的性质。目前还没有实用的框架能够将经典场模拟中的早期粒子的产生与随后的流体动力学演化联系起来。利用在QCD 动力学理论中计算的非平衡态格林函数,Kurkela等人建立了一个将初始能量-动量张量传播到流体动力学态的理论框架。他们证明这种方法可以很容易地结合到现有的流体动力学模拟中,从而导致对早期能量密度和QCD介质的传输特性的更强约束。基于格林函数的(共形)定标特性,他们进一步获得了流体动力学在核碰撞中的适用性的实用界限。(肖杨)

  Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory

  Aleksi Kurkela et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122302 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122302

晕核11Li的镜像核——

非束缚11O的首次观测

  T. B. Webb等人实现了对双中子晕核113Li8的镜像核,极丰质子核118O3结构的首次实验研究。他们利用13O束流的双中子敲出反应产生了11O,随后观测到了其放射出两个质子的衰变产物 (2p+9C),并构建了它们的不变质量谱。在该不变质量谱中,有一个宽度约为3.4MeV的峰。利用Gamow 耦合道方法,他们发现该峰是一个多重态,其贡献源于11O的最低的四个共振态,其 Jπ分别为 3/2-1,3/2-2,5/2+1,5/2+2。这些态的宽度与组态展示出对p-9C势场深度很强的非单调依赖。这种异常行为是由10N的一个宽阈值共振态的出现引起的,类似于由库伦相互作用导致的10Li的虚态。利用实验数据优化模型后,他们发现11O和11Li基态之间的同位旋不对称性比较温和。(肖杨)

  First Observation of Unbound 11O, the Mirror of the Halo Nucleus11Li

  T. B. Webb et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122501 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122501

类夸克偶素物质与中子星

  Larry McLerran 和Sanjay Reddy指出类夸克偶素 (quarkyonic) 物质能自然地解释中子星的各种观测性质。他们认为这种物质可能存在于接近核物质饱和密度处,并且在形成阶段,其中的压力和声速迅速增加。在夸克颜色数目Nc很大的极限下,该转变(从核物质到类夸克偶素物质)表现为压力随着重子数密度改变的不连续变化。通过构建一个类夸克偶素的简单模型,他们指出声速一般是密度的非单调函数-它在相对较低的密度下达到最大值,接着减小,然后再次增加到其渐近值(1/√3)。(肖杨)

  Quarkyonic Matter and Neutron Stars

  Larry McLerran and Sanjay Reddy

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122701 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122701

原子、分子与光学

  导读:宋新秀;责编:张文凯

利用相干散射对悬浮纳米粒子

进行腔基三维冷却

  [编辑推荐]研究人员对悬浮纳米粒子进行了三维腔体冷却,利用光在粒子上的散射达到了创纪录的低温。

  本文在实验上实现了空腔冷却真空中悬浮纳米粒子的所有三个平动自由度。粒子被与腔无关的光镊所捕获,并将光相干地散射到蓝色失谐腔模式中。对于大约10-5mbar的真空压力,作者观察到了毫开尔文的腔轴的极低温度。同时,沿其他两个空间方向的质心运动也被冷却到几百毫开尔文的极低温度。随着压力的变化来测量温度和阻尼率,作者发现冷却效率取决于腔内驻波内的粒子位置。作为腔失谐和光镊功率的函数的质心温度的数据和状态与实验的理论分析相一致。本文进一步概述了该方法的实验限制和各种可能性。

  Cavity-Based 3D Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle via Coherent Scattering

  Dominik Windey, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123601 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123601

利用相干散射法研究

悬浮纳米粒子的腔体冷却

  [编辑推荐]研究人员对悬浮纳米粒子进行了三维腔体冷却,利用光在粒子上的散射达到了创纪录的低温。

  本文主要研究光学腔内的悬浮纳米粒子的三维(3D)冷却。该冷却机制是利用光镊的腔增强相干散射。所观察到的3D动力学和冷却速率可在理论上由粒子运动和腔场之间的相互作用的线性和二次项而推导出来。通过对颗粒位置实现纳米级控制,作者优化了位置相关的耦合,并在6×10-2mbar的背景压力下演示了两个数量级的轴向冷却。本文还估计了对激光相位噪声加热的显著压制(> 40dB),这是相干散射方案的一个特殊特性。实验观察到的性能表明,在低于1×10-7mbar的背景压力下,可以实现悬浮纳米粒子的量子基态腔冷却。

  Cavity Cooling of a Levitated Nanosphere by Coherent Scattering

  Uroš Delić, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123602 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123602

具有径向周期势的二维自旋轨道耦合

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的

稳定多环和旋转孤子

  We consider two-dimension alspin-orbit-coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in a radially periodic potential. The system supports different types of stable self-sustained states including radially symmetric vorticity-carrying modes with different topological charges in two spinor components that may have multiring profilesand at the same time remain remarkably stable for repulsive interactions. Solitons of the second type show persistent rotation with constant angular frequency. They can be stable for both repulsive and attractive interatomic interactions. Because of the inequivalence between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation directions introduced by spin-orbit coupling, the properties of such solitons strongly differ for positive and negative rotation frequencies. The collision of solitons located in the same or different ringsis accompanied by a change of the rotation frequency that depends on the phase difference between colliding solitons.

  Stable Multiring and Rotating Solitons in Two-Dimensional Spin-Orbit-Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates with a Radially Periodic Potential

  Y. Kartashov and D. Zezyulin

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123201(2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123201

利用单光束在极阱中

连续加载超冷基态85Rb2分子

  We have developed an approach to continuously load ultracold 85Rb2vibrational ground-state molecules into a crossed optical dipole trap from a magneto-optical trap. The technique relies on a single high-power light beam with a broad spectrum superimposed onto a narrow peak at an energy of about 9400 cm−1. This single laser source performs all the required steps: the short-range photoassociation creating ground-state molecules after radiative emission, the cooling of the molecular vibrational population down to the lowest vibrational level νX=0, and the optical trapping of these molecules. Furthermore, we probe by depletion spectroscopy and determine that 75% of the νX=0 ground-state molecules are in the three lowest rotational levels JX=0, 1, 2. The lifetime of the ultracold molecules in the optical dipole trap is limited to about 70 ms by off-resonant light scattering. The proposed technique opens perspectives for the formation of new molecular species in the ultracold domain, which are not yet accessible by well-established approaches.

  Continuous Loading of Ultracold Ground-State 85Rb2 Molecules in a Dipole Trap Using a Single Light Beam

  Henry Fernandes Passagem, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123401 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123401

基于弱值形式的亚波长结构的

多参数同步测量

  在光学聚焦矢量束散射测量实验的背景下,本文提出了从弱值形式到多参数同步测量的数学扩展。该示例利用空间变化极化的控制来实现预选和后选,并通过定制来优化其对参数变化的灵敏度。双参数情况的初步实验表明,该方法可用于测量其分辨率至少比光照波长小1000倍的物理参数。

  Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Parameters of a Subwavelength Structure Based on the Weak Value Formalism

  Anthony Vella, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123603 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123603

多光子Jaynes-Cummings模型:

Fock空间和量子滤波器中的任意旋转

  The multiphoton Jaynes-Cummings model is investigated and applications in quantum information science are explored. Considering the strong atom-field coupling regime and an N-photon interaction, a nonlinear driving field can perform an arbitrary rotation in the Fock space of a bosonic mode involving the vacuum and an M-Fock state, with M<N. Inaddition, driving a bosonic mode with a linear coherent field (superposition of many Fock states), only the cavity states within the Fock subspace {|0⟩,|1⟩,…,|N−1⟩} can be populated; i.e., we show how to implement a Fock state filter, or quantum scissor, that restricts the dynamics of a given bosonic mode to a limited Hilbert space. Such a device can be employed as agenerator of finite-dimensional quantum-optical states and also as aquantum-optical intensity limiter, allowing as a special case the generation of single-photon pulses. On the other hand, our system also provides a very rich physics in the weak atom-field coupling regime, in particular, multiphoton electromagnetically induced transparency like phenomena, inducing a narrow (controllable) reflectivity window for nonlinear probe fields. These results are useful for applications in quantum information processing and also motivate further investigations, e.g., the use of an N-photon Jaynes-Cummings system asa qudit with harmonic spectrum and the exploration of multiphoton quantum interference.

  Multiphoton Jaynes-Cummings Model: Arbitrary Rotations in Fock Space and Quantum Filters

  C. Villas-Boas and D. Rossatto

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123604 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123604

对确定性纠缠态制备中

局部洛伦兹不变性的改进检验

  The high degree of control available over individual atoms enables precision tests of fundamental physical concepts. In this Letter, we experimentally study how precision measurements can be improvedby preparing entangled states immune to the dominant source of decoherence. Using 40Ca+ions, we explicitly demonstrate the advantage from entanglement on a precision test of local Lorentz invariance for the electron. Reaching the quantum projection noise limit set by quantum mechanics, we observe, for bipartite entangled states, the expected gain of a factor of two in the precision. Under specific conditions, multipartite entangled states may yield substantial further improvements. Our measurements improve theprevious best limit for local Lorentz invariance of the electron using40Ca+ionsby a factor of two to four to about 5×10−19.

  Improved Test of Local Lorentz Invariance from a Deterministic Preparation of Entangled States

  Eli Megidish, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123605 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123605

利用光谱定制的紫外线
频梳对9Be+离子进行多功能控制

  We demonstrate quantum control of 9Be+ions directly implemented by an optical frequency comb. Based on numerical simulations of the relevant processes in9Be+ for different magnetic field regimes, we demonstrate a wide applicability when controlling the comb’s spectral properties. We introduce a novel technique for the selective and efficient generation of a spectrally tailored narrow-bandwidth optical frequency comb near 313 nm. We experimentally demonstrate internal state control and internal-motional state coupling of9Be+ions implemented by stimulated-Raman manipulation using a spectrally optimized optical frequency comb. Our pulsed laser approach is a key enabling step for the implementation of quantum logic and quantum information experiments in Penning traps.

  Versatile Control of 9Be+Ions Using a Spectrally Tailored UV Frequency Comb

  A.-G. Paschke, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123606 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123606

窄带超纠缠光子的直接生成

  在量子通信和光子量子信息处理中,对量子中继器和量子存储器的要求往往对纠缠光子施加了严格的带宽先决条件。同时,对于光子对也有更多纠缠度的要求(即,超纠缠)。本文报告了冷原子中窄带轨道角动量和极化超纠缠光子的直接生成。除了在冷原子集合中的自发四波混频过程中由于自旋和轨道角动量守恒条件引起的时间-频率自由度之外,窄带光子对还自然地纠缠于极化和轨道角动量中。本文报道的窄带超纠缠光子对光源有望在基于量子存储器的长距离量子通信中发挥重要的作用。

  Direct Generation of Narrow-band Hyperentangled Photons

  Tian-Ming Zhao, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123607 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123607

薄膜腔的X射线L-边跃迁的光谱控制

  通过在X射线腔中嵌入一层钽薄膜,作者观察到了金属内层电子跃迁的光谱特性的变化。腔模真空和LIII边跃迁之间的相互作用得到了增强,这就容许了对集体兰姆位移、超辐射和类Fano腔共振干涉效应的观测。本文实验证明了,在X射线范围内具有电子共振的腔量子电动力学的可行性,并将其应用于在X射线腔中利用高分辨率X射线光谱学来操纵和探测凝聚态物质的电子结构。

  Spectral Control of an X-Ray L-Edge Transition via a Thin-Film Cavity

  Johann Haber, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123608 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123608

非线性动力学和流体力学

  责编:兰岳恒

结构泵浦量子模式识别

  Qiu等人报导了一种新的鬼影成像方法,用具有空间结构的泵在自发参数下转换傅里叶域中基于量子相关进行模式识别。作者利用拉盖尔 - 高斯模式傅里叶变换的数学特征来描述鬼影图像的泵调制形成。特别令人感兴趣的是Vander Lugt滤波器量子等效的实验证明,基于该实验,作者成功用非局部螺旋相位对比,实现了涡旋映射和基于量子相关的人脸识别。用于探测测试对象,扫描数据库和产生关联信号的光子可以归为三种不同的光束,表明这项技术可以在一些需要低光照明和保密操作的安全应用中起到作用。(郑皓天)

  Structured-Pump-Enabled Quantum Pattern Recognition

  Xiaodong Qiu, et al

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123901 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123901

多模光纤中无序介导的波凝结剧烈加速

  Classical nonlinear waves exhibit a phenomenon of condensation that results from the natural irreversible process of thermalization, in analogy with the quantum Bose-Einstein condensation. Wave condensation originates in the divergence of the thermodynamic equilibrium Rayleigh-Jeans distribution, whichis responsible for the macroscopic population of the fundamental mode of the system. However, achieving complete thermalization and condensation of incoherent waves through nonlinear optical propagation is known to require prohibitive large interaction lengths. Here, we derive a discrete kinetic equation describing the nonequilibrium evolution of the random wave in the presence of a structural disorder of the medium. Our theory reveals that a weak disorder accelerates the rate of thermalization and condensation by several order of magnitudes. Such a counterintuitive dramatic acceleration of condensation can provide a natural explanation for the recently discovered phenomenon of optical beam selfcleaning. Our experiments in multimode optical fibers report the observation of the transition from an incoherent thermal distribution to wave condensation, with a condensate fraction of up to 60% in the fundamental mode of the waveguide trapping potential. (郑皓天)

  Dramatic Acceleration of Wave Condensation Mediated by Disorder in Multimode Fibers

  Adrien Fusaro, et al

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123902 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123902

用于选择性滤波弹性超材料刚性的

时域周期调制:理论与实验

  具有时间调制刚性的弹性波导拥有频域周期色散谱,其中不同分支在调制频率半整数倍处合并,跨越一个有限波数范围。在此范围内,频率变成复数,其实部保持不变。与这些平带相关联群速度的消失导致在非调制和时间调制介质界面处频率的选择性反射,将宽带输入转换为以调制频率一半为中心的窄带输出。这种行为表现在横向运动的弹性波导中,其通过由开关电路控制的负电容分流压电贴片阵列实现调制。切换时间规定了调制频率并允许选择性输出频率。该发现适用于研究时空调制弹性超材料的许多性质,例如非互易性和单向传播,并且有助于在压电基板上操作的声波器件新功能的实现。(郑皓天)

  Time-Periodic Stiffness Modulation in Elastic Metamaterials for Selective Wave Filtering: Theory and Experiment

  Giuseppe Trainiti, et al

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124301 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124301

线性势中波包的幅度和相位

  We theoretically study and successfully observe the evolution of Gaussian and Airy surface gravity water wave packets propagating in an effective linear potential. This potential results from a homogeneous and time-dependent flow created by a computer-controlled water pump. For both wave packets we measure the amplitudes and the cubic phases appearing due to the linear potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the self-acceleration of the Airy surface gravity water wave packets can be completely canceled by a linear potential. (郑皓天)

  Amplitude and Phase of Wave Packets in a Linear Potential

  Georgi Gary Rozenman, et al

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124302 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124302

粘弹性电解质中的电对流

  具有聚合物添加剂液体电解质的直接数值模拟表明,粘弹性促进从稳定到不稳定电对流更早转变。粘弹性还使对流产生的过限电流减少达40%。这两种效应都会降低离子流空间变化的时间平均,表明聚合物流体可能抑制枝晶生长。表面附近的聚合物弛豫使流动结构不稳定并且减少了高通量流动的持续时间。这种聚合物诱导的流量减少机制广泛适用于具有质量,热量或动量传递的壁面限制流动。(郑皓天)

  Electroconvection in a Viscoelastic Electrolyte

  Gaojin Li, et al

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124501(2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124501

零雷诺数近似对于纤毛流是否有效?

  Stokes方程通常用于模拟微米级纤毛周围的流体动力行为。利用高时空分辨率的光学镊子,准确测量周期流的速度,可以实验研究零雷诺数近似的有效性。Da Wei等人发现摆动纤毛产生的流动与Stokes方程预测的斯托克斯场完全不同。特别地,流速在空间上衰减的速度更快,并且随着远离纤毛相位延迟增大。这表明拟稳态近似和用于不稳定纤毛流的Stokes方程并不总是合理的,并且涡度扩散的有限时间尺度不容忽视。Da Wei等人的结果在微观游动体的同步和集体动力学研究中具有重要意义。(张毓)

  Is the Zero Reynolds Number Approximation Valid for Ciliary Flows?

  Da Wei, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124502 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124502

惯性弹性湍流中的临界层结构和机制

  Simulations of elastoinertial turbulence (EIT) of a polymer solution at low Reynolds number are shown to display localized polymer stretch fluctuations. These are very similar to structures arising from linear stability (Tollmien-Schlichting modes) and resolvent analyses, i.e., critical-layer structures localized where the mean fluid velocity equals the wave speed. Computations of self-sustained nonlinear Tollmien-Schlichting waves reveal that the critical layer exhibits stagnation points that generate sheets of large polymer stretch. These kinematics may be the genesis of similar structures in EIT.(张毓)

  Critical-Layer Structures and Mechanisms in Elastoinertial Turbulence

  Ashwin Shekar, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124503 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124503

湍流中的功率波动

  为了产生或维持湍流,需要引入动能。这种能量注入必然会波动,而功率波动作用于所有活跃的湍流长度尺度。如果注入功率用的是与速度成正比的力(例如,剪切流中常见的力)或仅用在最大尺度上起作用的力,那么这些波动频谱具有与能谱成正比的惯性区间。(张毓)

  Power fluctuations in turbulence

  Wouter J. T. Bos and R. Zamansky

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 124504 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124504

超短脉冲携带轨道角动量的上界

  Photons in a ring-shaped vortex light beam can have an arbitrarily high orbital angular momentum (OAM) lℏ, inaddition to the spin angular momentum ℏ. For a pulsed vortex beam, there is, however, an upper bound to the integer units l of OAM, or topological charge of the vortex, and a lower bound to the pulse duration to carry OAM. These limits have implications in experiments with ultrashort vortices, e.g., in the generation of twisted attosecond bursts in the extreme ultraviolet, in the temporal resolution in ultrafast spectroscopy, or in the performance of OAM-basedoptical communications or cryptographic systems, as well as in other areas of physics as acoustics or electron waves.(张毓)

  Upper Bound to the Orbital Angular Momentum Carried by an Ultrashort Pulse

  Miguel A. Porras

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123904(2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.123904

通过光子高频带激发的

谷涡旋态和简并提升

  Daohong Song等人展示了光子石墨烯中谷涡旋的生成。两个谷的激发导致在第三个等价谷处布拉格反射时光学涡旋的形成,而不破坏反转对称性,其手征性由谷自由度决定。Daohong Song等人观察到并通过数值模拟证实,涡-反涡对具有与谷相关的拓扑电荷翻转。此外,Daohong Song等人开发了一个三波段有效哈密顿模型来描述耦合谷的动力学,并发现常用的双波段模型不足以解释观察到的涡旋简并提升。这种谷极化涡流态来自无合成场引发带隙口的高频带激发。Daohong Song等人在光子装置上得到的结果可以为在其他系统中研究谷比对和贝瑞相介导的拓扑现象提供思路。(张毓)

  Valley Vortex States and Degeneracy Lifting via Photonic Higher-Band Excitation

  Daohong Song, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123903 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.1212.123903

凝聚态物理:结构

  责编:马天星

通过对称扩散板进行宽带增强透射

  [编辑推荐]当夹在无序扩散板之间时,波导中的不透明势垒传输更多。

  Chéron等人发现,当把一个不透明势垒放在对称的扩散无序板之间,会产生显著的、宽频带透射增强。透射增强伴随着一个透射本征值的双峰分布,并且对于给定的势垒透射率,作者发现了无序板的最佳特定长度值。作者通过一个简单的模型,进行了量化参数之间的无量纲换算,这些参数表明势垒越强,最大可能增强越强。作者还探讨了对称缺陷的敏感性,这显示出波基传感的巨大潜力。(黄通昀)

  Broadband-Enhanced Transmission through Symmetric Diffusive Slabs

  É. Chéron, S. Félix, V. Pagneux

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 125501 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.125501

硅的高压相图中的非谐因素

和不规则晶相演化趋势研究

  本文使用密度泛函理论、演化算法和晶格动力学的多层面第一性原理方法,得到了高达4 TPa高压和26000 K高温下的硅相图。通过计算分析发现:(i)在压力分别为2.87和3.89 TPa时,沿着冷态有效性曲线,会出现从一系列不规则的面心立方晶体到体心立方晶体,再到简单立方晶体的结晶相变过程;(ii)当只考虑吉布斯自由能的非谐波贡献时,Imma和Cmce-16斜方晶相才会出现在相图中;(iii)当考虑立方金刚石相的非谐自由能影响时,可以在相图中观察到Hugoniot曲线斜率明显的变化。(张陆峰)

  Anharmonic and Anomalous Trends in the High-Pressure Phase Diagram of Silicon

  R. Paul, S. X. Hu, V. Karasiev

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 125701 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.125701

机械载荷下金属材料中

晶界迁移的尺寸依赖性

  传统金属材料变形过程中,晶界一般认为是位错运动的“静态”几何障碍,材料的强度随着晶粒尺寸减小而增加,符合Hall-Petch关系;但金属材料晶粒尺寸减小至纳米尺度时,机械变形过程中其晶界迁移性显著增强,并伴随着晶粒长大,如拉伸、压缩、压痕等过程中均可观察到明显的晶粒粗化现象,所以纳米晶材料强度与晶粒尺寸的关系也逐渐偏离Hall-Petch关系。尽管机械驱动晶界迁移的内在机制存在争议,但大量研究认为晶界迁移通过晶界原子短程运动或晶界位错运动的方式进行,这说明该过程与晶界结构或成分等密切相关。Zhou等人对剧烈塑性变形制备的不同平均晶粒尺寸梯度分布的纳米晶Ag、Cu、Ni进行准静态拉伸变形,通过对变形前后晶粒尺寸变化分析发现晶界迁移行为具有明显的晶粒尺寸效应。从超细晶到纳米晶,随着晶粒尺寸减小,晶界迁移先逐渐增强,但当晶粒尺寸小于临界值时,晶界迁移逐渐变弱。Ag、Cu、Ni中晶界迁移效应峰值对应平均晶粒尺寸分别约为80、75、38nm。此外,通过合适的后序热处理,发现部分临界尺寸附近纳米晶晶界迁移效应也明显减弱。分析发现纳米晶晶界迁移受到抑制的主要原因是变形或热处理诱导其晶界驰豫效应,晶界能量较低,稳定性提高。驰豫态的纳米晶在变形过程中主导塑性变形机制从晶界迁移转变为不全位错运动形成变形孪晶或层错。研究结果说明晶界驰豫与晶界偏聚效应类似,可通过调整晶界结构提高晶界稳定性,这为提高纳米晶机械稳定性提供新的途径。(王婧瑶)

  Size Dependence of Grain Boundary Migration in Metals under Mechanical Loading

  Xin Zhou, Xiuyan Li, and K. Lu

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126101 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126101

线性特征:位错中亚稳相的形成和共存

  Turlo等人利用原子模拟方法,在体心立方铁镍合金的刃位错附近发现了亚稳态B2−FeNi与稳态L10−FeNi、L12−FeNi3的三相共存。在较大范围的组成和温度下,观察到了沿着位错线受压侧形成的稳定的纳米级沉淀阵列,并将其定义为线性特征。作者通过分析稳态、亚稳态相变相关的热力学解释了亚稳相的形成和共存,并在此过程中定义了理论和实验研究的新途径。(马驰)

  Linear Complexions: Metastable Phase Formation and Coexistence at Dislocations

  Vladyslav Turlo and T. Rupert

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126102 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126102

磁场控制晶界

  在微结构工程中,利用外磁场影响多晶材料中微结构的能力具有巨大应用潜力。为了探索这种潜力并理解电磁场与固态物质输运之间的复杂相互作用,Backofen等人研究了晶体相场模型。利用高效、可扩展的数值算法,这种模型可用来分析外磁场对缺陷构造与晶界的演变、扩散时间尺度所起的作用。作者以平面和圆形晶界为例,解释了基本的原子过程,并采用二维大尺度模拟获得了外场影响下晶粒生长的统计数据。(黄通昀)

  Controlling Grain Boundaries by Magnetic Fields

  R. Backofen, K. R. Elder, A. Voigt

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126103 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126103

凝聚态物理:电子性质

  责编:袁喆,马锋杰,沈卡

空穴掺杂LuFe2O4+δ中的

电荷-晶格耦合:二阶调制的起源

  理解有序结构中的奇异性,例如晶格调制中的位错和电荷序中的孤子,为解开电子自由度和晶格之间的相互作用提供了很好的机会。具体地,调制结构传统上以离散傅里叶级数的形式表示,每个分量具有恒定的相位和幅度。在这里,Deng等人报导了空穴掺杂LuFe2O4 +δ中一种新调制波的原子尺度观察和分析,需要对有序结构的传统建模进行显著修改。只有在相位和幅度参数空间中引入明确定义的第二调制矢量,才能准确地描述这种具有不寻常准周期奇异性的新调制。结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,他们的结果表明,这些奇异性源于系统中间隙氧原子引起的晶格错位的不连续性。他们的工作方法适用于各种有序系统,提高了人们对奇异性和调制性质的理解。(方子明)

  Charge-Lattice Coupling in Hole-Doped LuFe2O4+δ: The Origin of Second-Order Modulation

  Shiqing Deng et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126401 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126401

π-Rashba层中的二阶拓扑超导性

  We consider a Josephson junction bilayer consisting of two tunnel-coupled two-dimensional electron gas layers with Rashba spin-orbit interaction, proximitized by a topand bottom s-wave superconductor with phase difference ϕ close to π. We show that, in the presence of a finite weak in-plane Zeeman field, the bilayer canbe driven into a second order topological superconducting phase, hosting two Majorana corner states (MCSs). If ϕ = π, in a rectangular geometry, these zero-energy bound states are located at two opposite corners determined by the direction of the Zeeman field. If the phase difference ϕ deviates from π by acritical value, one of the two MCSs gets relocated to an adjacent corner. As the phase difference ϕ increases further, the system becomes trivially gapped. The obtained MCSs are robust against static and magnetic disorder. We propose two setups that could realize such a model: one is based on controlling ϕ by magnetic flux, the other involves an additional layer of randomly oriented magnetic impurities responsible for the phase shift of π in the proximity-induced superconducting pairing.

  Second-Order Topological Superconductivity in π-Junction Rashba Layers

  Y. Volpez et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126402 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126402

两种不同对称自旋劈裂的共存

  表面或界面的对称性在确定二维能带的自旋劈裂和纹理中起重要作用。Yaji等人通过自旋和角度分辨光电子能谱仪研究了SiC(0001)衬底上由Sn组成的三角晶格原子层(TLAL)的自旋极化带。令人惊讶的是,Zeeman和Rashba型自旋分裂带在没有和具有自旋简并性的情况下都共存于Sn TLAL的K点。根据SiC周期性的晶体结构,K点具有三重对称性而没有反演对称性,这意味着Zeeman型与晶格的对称性一致,而Rashba型不一致。他们的密度泛函理论计算表明,Rashba型(Zeeman型)能带的电荷密度分布在K点存在(无)反演对称性。因此,电荷密度分布的对称性与两种类型的自旋劈裂一致。(方子明)

  Coexistence of Two Types of Spin Splitting Originating from Different Symmetries

  Koichiro Yaji et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126403 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126403

温度诱导的无带隙拓扑绝缘体

  了解无序、相互作用和温度对物质拓扑性的影响对于预测物质在真实环境中的拓扑特性及其稳定性至关重要。Haldane-Falicov-Kimball模型是一个集合了拓扑性、相互作用以及有限温度下自发无序的模型。本文中,作者研究了Haldane-Falicov-Kimball模型的相图。首先,作者借助于数值方法,绘制出了相互作用-温度平面上的相图。在已知相的基础上,作者揭示了具有无带隙激发的绝缘电荷有序态以及温度驱动的无带隙拓扑绝缘相。这种意外的行为可以通过内禀(温度产生)的无序来解释。该研究结果为两种费米子组成的质量不平衡系统中,温度可驱动有带隙和无带隙拓扑绝缘相的产生提供了直接的证据。(刘钱)

  Temperature-Driven Gapless Topological Insulator

  M. Gonçalves et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126601 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126601

一维拓扑超导体中弱无序的优势

  Majorana束缚态是一维(1D)拓扑超导体末端的零能模式。引入无序通常会增加Majorana局域长度,直到最终导致拓扑相变为平凡相。在这篇快讯中,Haim等人表明,在某些情况下,弱无序会导致Majorana局域长度减少,使拓扑相更加稳健。进一步增加无序最终可导致趋势变化并且相变到平庸相。有趣的是,转变发生在ξ0>>l,其中l是无序平均自由程,ξ0是纯净极限中的局域长度。他们的结果与平面约瑟夫森结中形成的一维拓扑超导体尤其相关。(方子明)

  Benefits of Weak Disorder in One-Dimensional Topological Superconductors

  Arbel Haim and Ady Stern

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126801 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126801

隧穿至与噪声电容电极耦合的

有限Luttinger液体

  Tunneling spectroscopy of one-dimensional interacting wires can be profoundly sensitive to the boundary conditions of the wire. Here, we analyze the tunneling spectroscopy of a wire coupled to capacitive metallic leads. Strikingly, with increasing many-body interactions in the wire, the impact of the boundary noise becomes more prominent. This interplay allows for a smooth crossover from standard 1D tunneling signatures into a regime where the tunneling is dominated by the fluctuations at the leads. This regime is characterized by an elevated zero-bias tunneling alongside a universal power-law decay at high energies. Furthermore, local tunneling measurements in this regime show a unique spatial dependence that marks the formation of plasmonic standing waves in the wire. Our result offers a tunable method by which to control the boundary effects and measure the interaction strength (Luttinger parameter) within the wire.

  Tunneling into a Finite Luttinger Liquid Coupled to Noisy Capacitive Leads

  Antonio Štrkalj et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 126802 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.126802

2HTaS2中压力诱导的电荷密度波

崩塌和希格斯模式可见性

  The pressure evolution of the Raman active electronic excitations of the transition metal dichalcogenides 2H−TaS2 is followed through the pressure phase diagram embedding incommensurate charge-density-wave and superconducting states. At high pressure, the charge-density wave is found to collapse at 8.5 GPa. In the coexisting charge-density-wave and superconducting orders, we unravel a strong in-gap superconducting mode, attributed to a Higgs mode, coexisting with the expected incoherent Cooper-pair breaking signature. Thelatter remains in the pure superconducting state reached above 8.5 GPa. Our report constitutes a new observation of such Raman active Higgs mode sincethe long-standing unique case 2H−NbSe2.

  Pressure-Induced Collapse of the Charge Density Wave and Higgs Mode Visibility in 2H−TaS2

  Romain Grasset et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127001 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127001

  C9H18N2CuBr4中平面耦合自旋阶梯的

Higgs模式及其观测

  [编辑推荐] 利用大尺度量子蒙特卡罗模拟,金属-有机化合物C9H18N2CuBr4中的Higgs模式可被理解为一个强各项异性(伊辛)极限下双磁振子束缚态。

  C9H18N2CuBr4是一种二维近量子临界的自旋1/2 two-leg阶梯化合物,具有弱的易轴交换各向异性。近期,极化非弹性中子散射实验在C9H18N2CuBr4中发现了Higgs模式。本文中,作者利用大尺度量子蒙特卡罗模拟,从理论上研究了这种平面耦合自旋阶梯系统的动力学自旋结构因子,能够在一个自洽的量子自旋模型内,定量描述中子散射实验数据。结果显示,在磁激励作用下,该系统可以从具有完全SU(2)对称性的各向同性极限演化到主导易轴交换作用的伊辛极限。同时发现,Higgs模式在海森堡极限处存在过阻尼现象,而在伊辛区域则演化成一个双磁振子束缚态。相反,对于弱耦合类的阶梯化合物,同样的模态会发生凝聚,并产生量子无序相。(刘钱)

  Higgs Mode of Planar Coupled Spin Ladders and its Observation in C9H18N2CuBr4

  T. Ying et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127201 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127201

XXZ自旋链中自旋扩散

和超扩散的动力学理论

  We address the nature of spin transport in the integrable XXZ spin chain, focusing on the isotropic Heisenberg limit. We calculate the diffusion constant using a kinetic picture based on generalized hydrodynamics combined with Gaussian fluctuations: we find that itdiverges, and show that a self-consistent treatment of this divergence gives superdiffusion, with an effective time-dependent diffusion constant that scalesas D(t)∼t1/3. This exponent had previously been observed inlarge-scale numerical simulations, but had not been theoretically explained. We briefly discuss XXZ models with easy-axis anisotropy Δ>1. Ourmethod gives closed-form expressions for the diffusion constant D in the infinite-temperature limit for all Δ>1. We find that D saturates at large anisotropy, and diverges as the Heisenberg limit is approached, as D∼(Δ−1)−1/2.

  Kinetic Theory of Spin Diffusion and Superdiffusion in XXZ Spin Chains

  S. Gopalakrishnan and R. Vasseur

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127202 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127202

亚铁磁性GdFeCo合金中的低磁阻尼

  本文中,作者在较大温度区间内研究了由稀土-过渡金属组成的亚铁磁材料的吉尔伯特阻尼参数α。作者根据外场驱动磁畴壁的运动速度,得到体系的α。结果显示,在该类体系中,α低至10-3量级,且当温度在角动量补偿温度TA上下,α几乎是个常数,不随温度的变化而变化,这和以前的预测十分不符合。以前研究表明,当温度达到TA时,由于体系总角动量的消失,α会发散。进一步地,作者指出该类亚铁磁材料中的磁阻尼大小与总角动量的存在与否无关,而是由费米能级上电子的散射情况所决定,其中过渡金属起主导作用。吉尔伯特阻尼参数α的这一低值表明,亚铁磁体可以作为低损耗高速磁性器件的候选材料。(刘钱)

  Low Magnetic Damping of Ferrimagnetic GdFeCo Alloys

  D. Kim et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127203 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127203

利用X射线磁圆二色性在高磁场下

  同时观察到亚铁磁铒铁石榴石铒L2,3

带边处Er和Fe子晶格的磁矩

  Strohm等人在铒铁石榴石中进行了磁圆二色性实验,发现铒L2,3带边处的谱线形状会随着温度和磁场的改变而改变。作者借助奇异值分解法提出,谱线在磁场和温度中的这种变化来源于两部分贡献的线性组合。其中占主导的部分来源于Er磁矩的贡献,而另一种贡献来源于Fe的信号。铒铁石榴石中任一L带边的X射线磁圆二色性测量能够同时给出两个子晶格中净磁矩的信息。它们随磁场强度变化的演化能够在两个截然不同的尺度上反映出亚铁磁相互作用的细节。(李松)

  Simultaneous Observation of the Er- and Fe-Sublattice Magnetization of Ferrimagnetic Er3Fe5O12 in High Magnetic Fields Using X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism at the Er L2,3 Edges

  C. Strohm et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127204 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127204

  强各向异性亚铁磁体HoFe5Al7中

一阶场诱导相变的微观本质

  Gorbunov等人对亚铁磁体HoFe5Al7进行了X射线磁圆二色实验以追踪在脉冲磁场诱导相变过程中单个磁矩的旋转。作者在基态附近观测到 Ho和Fe的磁矩同时、逐步地旋转,并借助子晶格间通过弱交换作用耦合的各向异性亚铁磁双子晶格模型解释了这个现象。他们在补偿点附近发现了两个相变。额外的磁矩跳跃反映出外加磁场与子晶格间交换场作用相反时,Ho磁矩的变化。(李松)

  Microscopic Nature of the First-Order Field-Induced Phase Transition in the Strongly Anisotropic Ferrimagnet HoFe5Al7

  D. I. Gorbunov et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127205 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127205

掺杂钒钙钛矿中缺陷诱导的

轨道极化和轨道序的坍塌

  We explore mechanisms of orbital-order decay in the doped Mott insulators R1−x(Sr,Ca)xVO3 (R=Pr,Y,La) caused by charged (Sr,Ca) defects. Our unrestricted Hartree-Fock analysis focuses on the combined effect of random charged impurities and associated doped holes up to x=0.5. The study is based on a generalized multiband Hubbard model for the relevant vanadium t2g electrons and includes the long-range (i) Coulomb potentials of defects and (ii) electron-electron interactions. We show that the rotation of t2g orbitals, induced by the electric field of defects, is a very efficient perturbation that largely controls the suppression of orbital order in these compounds. We investigate the inverse participation number spectra and find that electron states remain localized on few sites even in the regime where orbital order is collapsed. From the change of kinetic and superexchange energy, we can conclude that the motion of doped holes, which is the dominant effect for the reduction of magnetic order in high-Tc compounds, is of secondary importance here.

  Defect-Induced Orbital Polarization and Collapse of Orbital Order in Doped Vanadium Perovskites

  A. Avella, A. Oleś, and P. Horsch

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127206 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127206

反铁磁金属EuMnBi2

磁压电效应的观察

  Shiomi等人实验研究了最近预测的具有低晶体对称性的磁性金属的磁压电效应。77K时在具有反铁磁性Mn磁矩的EuMnBi2的c方向上施加交流电场, 会导致沿着a方向出现动态位移,且随着施加的电场成比例地增加。这种位移并未在EuMnBi2的c方向或具有非磁性Zn离子的EuZnBi2中观察到。随着温度从77 K增加,位移信号逐渐减小并在约200 K处消失,且超过此温度电导率从相干变为非相干。这些结果表明缺乏反演和时间反演对称性的磁性金属中磁压电效应的出现。(方子明)

  Observation of a Magnetopiezoelectric Effect in the Antiferromagnetic Metal EuMnBi2

  Y. Shiomi et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127207 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127207

  单层MoS2中塞曼场诱导的谷敏感光电流

  [编辑推荐语]:利用外磁场与电子能带的特定特征的相互影响操控二维材料MoS2中的光电响应。

  利用圆偏振光可以在单层过渡金属二硫化物中产生特定的谷自旋激发。对谷自由度的操控是该领域的核心问题。目前实验上已经可以对谷指标进行测量和操控,但主要局限在纯光学手段。这个工作中,Zhang等人发现,当单层MoS2中的谷简并被面外磁场打开的情况下,纵向电输运会表现出对激子谷极化的响应。实验中,系统的自旋信息可以通过对自旋敏感的电极测得。当存在面外磁场时,光电流受到激发光偏振态的显著调制。作者将这种效应归因于K和K’两个谷相反的塞曼移动所诱导的谷极化三子非平衡输运。这种解释得到了相关现象的支持,比如双层MoS2的相反行为以及谷光电流对掺杂与空间的依赖关系。(李松)

  Zeeman-Induced Valley-Sensitive Photocurrent in Monolayer MoS2

  Xiao-Xiao Zhang et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127401 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127401

激子磁体中的集体模式:

动力学平均场研究

  Geffroy等人进行了双能带Hubbard模型中关于动态磁化率的动力学平均场研究。通过改变模型参数,他们分析了正常和有序相中的双粒子激发,即激子凝聚。有序相中的双粒子动力学平均场理论能谱揭示了由连续对称性的自发破缺引起的无能隙Goldstone模式。他们还观察到有能隙的希格斯模式,其特征在于相边界处的能隙消失。自旋磁化率中观察到的定性变化可以用作鉴定激子凝聚的实验探测手段。(方子明)

  Collective Modes in Excitonic Magnets: Dynamical Mean-Field Study

  D. Geffroy et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127601 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127601

单粒子量子点发射器中的相互作用效应

与电荷量子化

  We discuss a theoretical model of an on-demand single-particle emitter that employs a quantum dot, attached to an integer or fractional quantum Hall edge state. Via an exact mapping of the model onto the spin-boson problem we show that Coulomb interactions between the dot and the chiral quantum Hall edge state, unavoidable in this setting, lead to adestruction of precise charge quantization in the emitted wave packet. Our findings cast doubt on the viability of this setup as a single-particle source of quantized charge pulses. We further show how to use a spin-boson master equation approach to explicitly calculate the current pulse shape in this setup.

  Interaction Effects and Charge Quantization in Single-Particle Quantum Dot Emitters

  G. Wagner et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127701 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.127701

软物质与交叉科学

  导读:巫浩;责编:涂展春

波状泊肃叶流中涌现的吸引子

触发生物细胞的分选

  微流是控制粒子动力学的重要工具。一个重要的例子是生物细胞的分选,其依赖于可变形细胞横向移动到流线的能力。经典的结果是,软微粒子在通过直的微管道的流中总是迁移到其中心的吸引子处。在这篇快报中,Laumann等人汇报了通过波状管道的流从根本上改变了总体图像。这导致了另一种共存的软粒子吸引子的涌现。它的涌现和偏离中心的位置取决于边界调制和粒子特性。软粒子的相对跨流迁移被解析的考虑,无界流的斯托克斯动力学模拟和有界流的格子玻尔兹曼模拟来解释。例如,新颖的偏离中心的吸引子可用于在诊断中分离不同大小和弹性的细胞,这通常是细胞健康状态的指示。

  Emerging Attractor in Wavy Poiseuille Flows Triggers Sorting of Biological Cells

  Matthias Laumann, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128002 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128002

复杂大分子旋转对称

破缺的广义Flory理论

  Kelly等人报道了在具有分支和环路的复杂大分子的最简模型中自发旋转对称破缺。随着自排斥强度的增加,转变发生。在转变点,密度分布从各向同性转变为各向异性。作者使用变分平均场理论来分析这种转变,该理论将吉布斯-波戈留波夫-费因曼不等式与拉普拉斯矩阵的概念相结合。破缺对称态的密度分布由拉普拉斯矩阵的特征值和特征向量确定。在物理上,这反映了当排斥相互作用产生内部张力时,潜在的拓扑结构在确定大分子密度方面的作用越发重要。最终,变分自由能地貌发展成一个具有多个竞争的极小值的复杂结构。

  Generalized Flory Theory for Rotational Symmetry Breaking of Complex Macromolecules

  Josh Kelly, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128003 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128003

在运动接触线处的受限液体的结晶状排序

  液体溶胀的软弹性体和固体表面之间的摩擦取决于受限液体的状态。为了测量受限液体的物理状态,Nanjundiah等人使用界面敏感的和频产生光谱技术来探测接触区域。作者发现,当把十五烷-溶胀的聚(二甲基硅氧烷)透镜浸没在蓝宝石衬底上的线性烷烃(十五烷)中进行滑动(摩擦)和拉脱(粘附)实验时,液体的结晶状排序仅在接触线处发生,作者预测到最高的剪切力也在接触线处。这种十五烷分子的结晶状结构是短暂的,并显示阿伦尼乌斯温度依赖性具有异常长的弛豫时间(数百秒)和活化能(50千焦/摩),该值是块状十五烷液体的两倍,温度比块状熔化温度(Tm= 9°C)高14到70°C。这种非寻常的长寿命结晶状排序可以解释为什么这些系统相比于使用十五烷体积粘度(流体动力润滑)的预测值显示出更高的摩擦系数(边界润滑)。

  Crystalline like Ordering of Confined Liquids at the Moving Contact Line

  Kumar Nanjundiah, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128004 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128004

由尺寸分散球体形成的复杂晶体

  胶体很少是完全均匀的,却遵循尺寸、形状和电荷的分布。这种分散度可以是固有的(静态的)或随时间发展和变化(动态的)。尽管研究历史悠久,但非均匀颗粒结晶和晶体形成的条件仍然不是很清楚。在本文中,Bommineni等人演示了,如果压缩得足够慢,具有高斯半径分布和高达19%的分散度的硬球总是结晶,并且它们的结晶方式惊人的复杂。作者通过加速事件驱动模拟来获得该结果,该模拟具有描述静态分散度的粒子交换步骤和描述动态分散度的粒子尺寸调整步骤。作者在高于6%的分散度发现了AB2Laves相,AB13相和Frank-Kasper相的区域。 Frank-Kasper区域包括与Pearson符号oS276近似的准晶体。作者的研究结果与软物质和合金中的有序现象有关。

  Complex Crystals from Size-Disperse Spheres

  Praveen K. Bommineni, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128005 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128005

堵塞作为多重临界点

  发生堵塞转变时,体积模量B的不连续跳变是抗压缩球体的临界接触网络形成的结果。Liarte等人引入了具有潜在欠协调抗压弹簧格子的格子模型,并允许向该弹簧格子中添加次近邻弹簧。在这些模型中,堵塞转变作为一种终止一系列刚性渗流转变的多重临界点而涌现。发生堵塞时用临界网络替换欠协调格子,可以忠实地描述堵塞及其与刚性渗流的关系。

  Jamming as a Multicritical Point

  Danilo B. Liarte, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128006 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128006

细胞中的扩散电泳:细胞中依赖于代谢的

颗粒输运的一般非平衡、非马达机制

  人们对细胞质了解的越多,就越发意识到细胞质是非均匀的,而且是高度异质的。在任何异质溶液中,浓度梯度都存在,并且由于一种被称为扩散电泳的机制,颗粒沿着这些梯度上下运动。Sear估计在代谢活跃的细胞内,只要颗粒的尺寸有至少几十纳米,颗粒的动力学就可以被扩散电泳强烈加速。较小物体(如单个蛋白)的动力学则基本不受影响。

  Diffusiophoresis in Cells: A General Nonequilibrium, Nonmotor Mechanism for the Metabolism-Dependent Transport of Particles in Cells

  Richard P. Sear

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128101 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128101

随机语言模型

  许多复杂的生成系统使用语言来创建结构化对象。 DeGiuli考虑了一个由加权并与上下文无关的语法定义的随机语言模型。随着语法权重的分布变宽,作者发现了该模型经历了从句子与噪声无法区分的随机相到携带非平凡信息的组织相的转变。这标志着语言中深层结构的涌现,并且可以通过能量和熵之间的竞争来理解。

  Random Language Model

  E. De Giuli

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128301 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128301

具有奇怪粘度的流体中的拓扑波

  Fluids in which both time reversal and parity are broken can display a dissipationless viscosity that is odd under each of these symmetries. Here, we show how this odd viscosity has a dramatic effect on topological sound waves in fluids, including the number and spatial profile of topological edge modes. Odd viscosity provides a short-distance cutoff that allows us to define a bulk topological invariant on a compact momentum space. As the sign of odd viscosity changes, a topological phase transition occurs without closing the bulk gap. Instead, at the transition point, the topological invariant becomes ill defined because momentum space cannot be compactified. This mechanism is unique to continuum models and can describe fluids ranging from electronic to chiral active systems.

  Topological Waves in Fluids with Odd Viscosity

  Anton Souslov, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128001 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128001

对比分别具有极性和可极化

溶剂的电解液的介电特性

  We examine the static dielectric constant of electrolyte solutions with a polar and/or polarizable small-molecule solvent using a classical field-theoretic approach. We compute corrections to the dielectric constant and screening length due to intra- and intermolecular correlations via a renormalized one-loop approximation, accounting for the excluded volume of both solvent and electrolyte. In the salt-free case, we verify the one-loop theory by comparison with full numerical solutions of the field theory. The one-loop theory predicts either a nonlinear dielectric decrement or increment with increasing salt, depending on whether the fluid correlations are dominated by the dipolar or polarizable nature of the solvent. These contrasting regimes of nonlinear dielectric behavior are consistent with experimental trends in high- and low-dielectric constant electrolyte solutions.

  Contrasting Dielectric Properties of Electrolyte Solutions with Polar and Polarizable Solvents

  Douglas J. Grzetic, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128007 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128007

通过可调的具有吸引力的单尖端

引导棒状粒子的液晶自组织

  Dispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-corevolume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them,resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying thenumber of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phaseat the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities.

  Directing Liquid Crystalline Self-Organization of Rodlike Particles through Tunable Attractive Single Tips

  Andrii Repula, et al.

  Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 128008 (2019)

  https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.128008

  [文字编辑:谢晓芝]

来源:京师物理

编辑:AI

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